Chapter 10: Endocrinology

The content systematically addresses parathyroid dysfunction, including hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive parathyroid hormone secretion leading to elevated serum calcium and related complications such as nephrolithiasis and bone disease, contrasted with hypoparathyroidism involving calcium deficiency and neuromuscular manifestations. Thyroid pathology encompasses hyperthyroidism primarily from Graves disease with its characteristic metabolic acceleration and cardiovascular effects, hypothyroidism often resulting from autoimmune thyroiditis requiring hormone replacement, inflammatory thyroiditis presentations, and thyroid malignancies including papillary and anaplastic variants. The pituitary section covers growth hormone excess disorders producing acromegaly and gigantism, and diabetes insipidus involving antidiuretic hormone dysfunction with central and nephrogenic etiologies. Diabetes mellitus receives substantial attention, distinguishing autoimmune destruction in type one disease from insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in type two disease, alongside acute decompensations including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar states, plus chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications affecting retinal, renal, and neurologic tissue. Adrenal gland disorders include Cushing syndrome from glucocorticoid excess with its distinctive clinical features and multiple etiologic sources, and Addison disease representing primary adrenal insufficiency with characteristic presentation and management. The chapter concludes with lipid metabolism disorders and cardiovascular risk stratification through lipid profile assessment and pharmacologic intervention. Throughout, the content emphasizes diagnostic approaches, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based management strategies applicable to patient care and examination scenarios.