Chapter 32: Promoting Reproductive Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Women face disproportionate risks from these infections, experiencing higher transmission rates from single exposures and more severe long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic inflammation. The chapter systematically covers bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States and a leading preventable cause of infertility, along with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which frequently progresses to pelvic inflammatory disease when untreated. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum is presented through its clinical stages from the characteristic painless chancre of primary infection through secondary manifestations and potential tertiary complications affecting cardiovascular and neurological systems. Parasitic infections including trichomoniasis, pediculosis pubis, and scabies are covered with their distinctive clinical presentations and treatment protocols. Viral sexually transmitted infections receive substantial attention, particularly human papillomavirus as the most common viral infection with oncogenic implications for cervical cancer risk, herpes simplex virus as a chronic recurrent infection managed through antiviral suppression, and human immunodeficiency virus with emphasis on contemporary screening recommendations and antiretroviral management strategies. The chapter addresses hepatitis B and C transmission and prevention approaches. Nursing responsibilities are highlighted throughout, emphasizing culturally competent patient education, counseling on risk reduction strategies including barrier protection and partner notification, facilitation of expedited partner therapy to prevent reinfection cycles, and recognition that screening remains relevant across all age groups including older adults.