Chapter 67: Orthopedic Trauma & Surgery

Orthopedic Trauma & Surgery examines orthopedic trauma management and surgical interventions within the musculoskeletal system, beginning with preventive strategies and progressing through complex surgical procedures. The content emphasizes health promotion through accident prevention, fall reduction protocols, and exercise programs, particularly targeting older adult populations at higher risk for trauma-related injuries. Soft tissue injuries including ligament sprains, muscle strains, joint dislocations, and subluxations are thoroughly explored alongside their pathophysiology and evidence-based management using rest, ice, compression, and elevation protocols. The chapter addresses repetitive strain conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, detailing diagnostic assessments including Phalen's and Tinel's signs, ergonomic interventions, and progressive treatment approaches from conservative splinting to surgical decompression. Common musculoskeletal injuries including rotator cuff tears, meniscal damage, anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, and inflammatory bursitis are analyzed with their respective assessment techniques and treatment modalities. Fracture management forms a substantial portion of the content, covering classification systems, bone healing stages from hematoma formation through remodeling, and therapeutic interventions including closed reduction, open reduction with internal fixation, traction application, and immobilization techniques. Critical complications such as compartment syndrome, venous thromboembolism, fat embolism syndrome, avascular necrosis, and infection prevention are emphasized alongside their clinical manifestations and emergency interventions. The chapter examines specific fracture patterns including Colles' fractures, hip fractures differentiated by anatomical location, pelvic fractures, and vertebral compression fractures, each requiring specialized management approaches. Amputation procedures are discussed as treatment options for severe trauma, vascular compromise, or malignancy, with comprehensive coverage of residual limb care, phantom limb phenomena, and prosthetic rehabilitation. Joint replacement surgeries including total hip arthroplasty, knee replacement, and other joint reconstruction procedures conclude the chapter, emphasizing preoperative preparation, postoperative complications prevention, and rehabilitation protocols essential for optimal functional recovery and patient independence.