Chapter 47: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

The chapter then transitions to the clinical applications of bone repair following traumatic injury or disease, detailing the biological phases of fracture healing and the role of bone grafting techniques in restoring skeletal function. A significant portion addresses connective tissue physiology and recent innovations in cartilage tissue engineering, which represent promising therapeutic approaches for managing degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. The chapter incorporates coverage of pelvic floor anatomy and physiology, recognizing the structural and functional importance of these support tissues in overall musculoskeletal health. Metabolic aspects are integrated throughout, with particular focus on vitamin D's role in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. The material concludes with pharmacological interventions for metabolic bone disorders, including discussion of anabolic agents like teriparatide that stimulate bone formation and increase mineral density in conditions such as osteoporosis. Collectively, this chapter provides students with both the foundational knowledge of normal musculoskeletal physiology and the clinical context necessary for understanding tissue pathology and therapeutic management strategies.