Chapter 43: Endocrine System

The content systematically addresses disorders affecting each gland, beginning with pituitary dysfunction such as insufficient hormone production, excessive growth hormone secretion, inadequate antidiuretic hormone release, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Adrenal pathology receives substantial coverage, including primary adrenal insufficiency, life-threatening adrenal crisis, excessive cortisol production, and catecholamine-secreting tumors. Thyroid conditions are extensively reviewed, encompassing decreased thyroid function with its characteristic metabolic slowing, increased thyroid activity with associated hypermetabolic state, acute thyroid hormone excess that can progress to life-threatening thyroid storm, and the myxedema coma that occurs with severe hypothyroidism. Parathyroid imbalances affecting serum calcium levels are discussed alongside clinical indicators such as specific neuromuscular signs. Diabetes mellitus receives predominant emphasis, distinguishing between insulin-dependent type one diabetes and type two diabetes involving insulin resistance, and detailing insulin formulations, injection techniques, pump therapy, and oral glucose-lowering medications. The chapter extensively covers both acute metabolic emergencies including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, as well as chronic vascular and neurological complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. Diagnostic procedures, blood glucose self-monitoring strategies, lifestyle management including nutritional planning and physical activity considerations, comprehensive foot care protocols, medication storage requirements, and critical emergency interventions for severe hypoglycemia, thyroid emergencies, and adrenal crisis are integrated throughout to support comprehensive nursing assessment and evidence-based clinical decision-making.