Chapter 31: Gastrointestinal Disorders

Structural and functional disorders are explored comprehensively, spanning cleft lip and palate management through specialized feeding techniques and surgical site protection, esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula characterized by the classic presentation of coughing, choking, and cyanosis with positioning and suctioning priorities, and gastroesophageal reflux disease requiring feeding modifications and aspiration precautions. The chapter details hypertrophic pyloric stenosis presenting with projectile vomiting and an olive-shaped abdominal mass, along with pre- and postoperative pyloromyotomy care. Malabsorption disorders including lactose intolerance and celiac disease are discussed with dietary interventions and nutritional supplementation strategies. Surgical conditions such as Hirschsprung's disease, intussusception, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and imperforate anus receive detailed coverage including clinical recognition, preoperative preparation, and postoperative nursing responsibilities with emphasis on wound care and infection prevention. Appendicitis is addressed with recognition of McBurney's point tenderness and perforation warning signs. The chapter extends to infectious and toxic processes including hepatitis A through E with transmission routes and prevention measures, poisoning emergencies involving lead, acetaminophen, aspirin, and corrosive substances with appropriate antidotes and chelation protocols, and parasitic infections such as giardiasis and pinworms with diagnostic and treatment approaches. Throughout the chapter, developmental considerations, fluid and electrolyte balance, family education, and priority nursing actions align with licensure examination expectations and real-world pediatric nursing practice.