Chapter 48: Respiratory Medications

Bronchodilator medications encompassing beta-2 adrenergic agonists and methylxanthines are explored with attention to therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicity management, and significant drug interactions that affect treatment outcomes. The chapter details anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids administered through both inhalation and systemic routes, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and mast cell stabilizer compounds, with specific guidance on timing administration and recognizing adverse reactions. Monoclonal antibody therapy targeting immunoglobulin E is discussed alongside emergency protocols for anaphylactic responses. Additional coverage includes antihistamine medications with their central nervous system effects, nasal decongestants and their potential for rebound congestion, expectorant and mucolytic agents that enhance airway clearance, and antitussive medications with their associated risks of respiratory depression. Opioid antagonist therapy for reversing respiratory depression receives dedicated attention. The tuberculosis section encompasses first-line agents including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, with second-line alternatives such as streptomycin and cycloserine, highlighting hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, visual disturbances, and renal complications requiring careful monitoring. Immunization strategies including influenza vaccine formulations and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are reviewed with administration protocols and timing considerations. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes critical thinking in medication selection, toxicity recognition, client safety practices, and comprehensive patient teaching essential for nursing practice and licensure examination success.